Long-lifetime, high-yield, fast neutrons source

ABSTRACT

A neutron generator includes a gas control interface and a vacuum chamber coupled to the gas control interface. The neutron generator also includes a target rod disposed within the vacuum chamber and having a longitudinal axis aligned with a central axis of the vacuum chamber, and further including a target disposed on a surface of the target rod facing the getter. The neutron generator also includes a planar ion source adjacent to the gas control interface and disposed between the target and the gas control interface. The planar ion source includes an array grid that is offset from the target and generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the target rod.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/754,259 filed on Feb. 21, 2018, which is a 371 of International PCTapplication no. PCT/US2015/060081, filed Nov. 11, 2015 both of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present disclosure relates to oil and gas exploration andproduction, and more particularly to a source of neutrons used inmeasurement while drilling and logging while drilling applications.

2. Description of Related Art

Wells are drilled at various depths to access and produce hydrocarbonssuch as oil and gas from subterranean geological formations.Particularly, hydrocarbons may be produced from a wellbore thattraverses one or more subterranean formations.

In the process of completing such a wellbore, modern drilling operationsmay include gathering information relating to the conditions encountereddownhole. Such information typically includes characteristics of theformations traversed by the borehole, and data relating to thecharacteristics of the borehole itself. The collection of informationcan be performed by several methods, including wireline logging, loggingwhile drilling (LWD), measurement while drilling (MWD), drill pipeconveyed logging, and coil tubing conveyed logging.

In wireline logging, a probe or “sonde” is lowered into the boreholeafter some or all of the well has been drilled. The sonde hangs at theend of a long cable or “wireline” that provides mechanical support tothe sonde and also provides an electrical connection between the sondeand electrical equipment located at the surface of the well. Inaccordance with existing logging techniques, various formationcharacteristics are measured and correlated with the position of thesonde in the borehole as the sonde is pulled uphole toward the surface.

In LWD or MWD, a drilling assembly includes sensing instruments thatmeasure various parameters of the formation during drilling. While LWDand MWD techniques allow formation measurements to be taken duringdrilling, drilling operations may create an environment that is hostileto electronic instrumentation or sensor operations.

In drill pipe conveyed logging or coil tubing conveyed logging, logginginstruments are mounted on a tubing string that moves the instrumentthrough an existing borehole. The tubing string enables logging ofhorizontal wellbores without subjecting the logging instruments to thedrilling environment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures are included to illustrate certain aspects of thepresent disclosure, and should not be viewed as exclusive embodiments.The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modifications,alterations, combinations, and equivalents in form and function, withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a schematic, side view of a logging while drilling (LWD)environment in which a logging tool that includes a neutron generator isdeployed;

FIG. 2 is a schematic, side view of a wireline logging environment inwhich a logging tool that includes a neutron generator is deployed;

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a logging tool that includes a neutrongenerator;

FIG. 4 shows a schematic, cross-section view of a neutron generatoraccording to an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 5 shows a schematic, cross-section view of a field ionization (FI)array according to an illustrative embodiment; and

FIGS. 6A through 6C show alternative embodiments of field ionization(FI) arrays.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

In the following detailed description of the illustrative embodiments,reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof.These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable thoseskilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is understood thatother embodiments may be utilized and that logical structural,mechanical, electrical, and chemical changes may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit or scope of the invention. To avoid detail notnecessary to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodimentsdescribed herein, the description may omit certain information known tothose skilled in the art. The following detailed description is,therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of theillustrative embodiments is defined only by the appended claims.

Unless otherwise specified, any use of any form of the terms “connect,”“engage,” “couple,” “attach,” or any other term describing aninteraction between elements is not meant to limit the interaction todirect interaction between the elements and may also include indirectinteraction between the elements described. In the following discussionand in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in anopen-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including,but not limited to.” Unless otherwise indicated, as used throughout thisdocument, “or” does not require mutual exclusivity.

The present disclosure relates to a neutron generator that may be usedin wireline, MWD, LWD, and other logging operations. The neutrongenerator uses a field ionization array grid to provide a planar ionsource that generates a transverse ion beam, resulting in enhancedlifespan and neutron yield. The neutron generator may be a pulsedneutron generator.

The disclosed neutron generator and associated systems and methods aredescribed in the context of the larger systems in which they operate.Accordingly, FIG. 1 shows an illustrative logging while drilling (LWD)environment. In FIG. 1, a drilling platform 2 supports a derrick 4having a traveling block 6 for raising and lowering a drill string 8. Atop drive 10 supports and rotates the drill string 8 as it is loweredthrough the wellhead 12. A drill bit 14 is driven by a downhole motorand/or rotation of the drill string 8. As drill bit 14 rotates, itcreates a borehole 16 that passes through various formations. A pump 18circulates drilling fluid 20 through a feed pipe 22, through theinterior of the drill string 8 to drill bit 14. The fluid exits thedrill string 8 through the drill bit 14 and flows upward through theannulus around the drill string 8 to transport drill cuttings to thesurface, where the fluid is filtered and recirculated.

The drill bit 14 may be just one piece of a bottom-hole assembly thatincludes one or more drill collars (thick-walled steel pipe) to provideweight and rigidity to aid the drilling process. Some of these drillcollars include built-in logging instruments to gather measurements ofvarious drilling parameters such as position, orientation,weight-on-bit, borehole diameter, and various formation measurements. Inan embodiment, such a logging instrument includes a pulsed neutrongenerator and capture device that creates a neutron capture log.

In addition to using sensors to determine formation measurements andother properties, other sensor equipment may be included either in thedrill collars or anywhere along the drill string 8 to collectinformation about the geological formation that is being drilled. Thus,an illustrative logging tool that includes a neutron generator, such asLWD tool 24, may be positioned near the drill bit 14 or connectedfurther up the drill string 8. The LWD tool 24 may include a signalgenerator and a receiver where the signal generator is the neutrongenerator and the receiver is a sensor for sensing reflected radiation.

Measurements taken by the LWD tool 24 may be stored in internal memoryand/or communicated to the surface. To facilitate transmission to thesurface, a telemetry sub 26 may be included with or near the tool 24 tomaintain a communications link with the surface. The communications linkmay transmit, for example, mud pulse telemetry for transferring toolmeasurements to surface receivers and receiving commands from thesurface. Other suitable telemetry techniques can also be used. Forexample, another telemetry that can be used is wireless telemetry inwhich signals are sent as electromagnetic waves through the Earth.Alternatively, the measurements can be converted into electronic pulsesor digital or analog signals that are sent up a cable.

At the surface, a data acquisition module 36 receives the uplink signalfrom the telemetry sub 26 or directly from the logging tool or sensor.Module 36 optionally provides some preliminary processing and digitizesthe signal. A data processing system 50 (shown in FIG. 1 as a computer)receives a digital telemetry signal, demodulates the signal, anddisplays the tool data or well logs to a user. Software governs theoperation of system 50. A user interacts with system 50 and its softwarevia one or more input devices 54 and one or more output devices 56.

In a wireline system, the drill string 8 may be removed from theborehole and a wireline tool may be deployed as shown in FIG. 2. In FIG.2 a drilling platform 2 supports a derrick 4 having a traveling block 6for raising and lowering a wireline logging tool 34 that is loweredthrough the wellhead 12. The wireline logging tool 34 may be a sensinginstrument or “sonde” suspended by a cable 42 having conductors fortransporting power to the tool 34 and telemetry from the tool 34 to thesurface. A logging portion of the logging tool 34 may have pads 37 thatslide along the borehole wall as the tool is pulled uphole. A loggingsystem 44 collects measurements from the logging tool 34, and includescomputing facilities for processing and storing the measurementsgathered by the logging tool 34. Like the tool 24 described with regardto FIG. 1, the logging tool 34 may contain a neutron generator eitherexclusively or in combination with other sensors and instruments.

While the drilling and wireline systems of FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively,are shown in land-based wells, such systems may be similarly deployed ina sub-sea well accessed by an offshore platform. The offshore platformmay be a floating platform or may instead be anchored to a seabed.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a logging tool 334, analogous tothe logging tool 24 of FIG. 1 and the wireline logging tool 34 of FIG.2. The logging tool 334 includes a neutron generator in addition tosensors and other hardware and software. The logging tool 334 may besuspended in a wellbore on an armored electrical cable 342, the lengthof which substantially determines the relative depth of the logging tool334. The logging tool 334 may communicate with surface equipment, whichmay include a processor, a communication subsystem, and recorder.Processing of data gathered by the logging tool 334 can be performeddownhole at or adjacent the logging tool 334, at the surface, at aremote location, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the logging tool 334 includes a housing 311 in theshape of a cylindrical sleeve that is capable of running into an openwellbore, a cased wellbore, or production tubing. A neutron generator315 is mounted in the logging tool 334 with a near-spaced radiationdetector 316 and a far-spaced radiation detector 317 mountedlongitudinally above the neutron generator 315. Each of the near-spacedradiation detector 316 and the far-spaced radiation detector 317 arepositioned at a separate axial distance from the neutron generator 315.Alternatively, a single detector may be used, and the placement of thedetectors may also be changed. For example, the near-spaced radiationdetector 316 and the far-spaced radiation detector 317 may be in anotherlocation within the single body of the logging tool 334 or may be placedin one of the separate components of the logging tool 334. The loggingtool 334 may include acquisition, control, and telemetry electronics 318operable to control the timing of burst cycles of the neutron generator315, the timing of detection time gates for the near-spaced radiationdetector 316 and far-spaced radiation detector 317, and to transmitcount rate and other data. The processor of the surface equipment canreceive detected thermal neutron counts, detected epithermal neutroncounts, and/or gamma ray spectral data from near and far radiationdetectors 316 and 317. The signals can be recorded as a log representingmeasured parameters with respect to depth or time. The radiationdetectors 316 and 317 may include a thermal neutron detector, anepithermal neutron detector, and a scintillation counter.

In some embodiments, the logging tool 334 that includes a neutrongenerator 315 can be used to take a thermal neutron porositymeasurement. This measurement measures the slowing down and capture ofneutrons between a source and one or more thermal neutron detectors. Thelogging tool 334 may also or alternatively be used for a pulsed neutronspectroscopy measurement. This is a measurement of the spectrum of gammarays emitted by a formation bombarded with neutrons. Gamma ray emissionoccurs when the neutrons interact in the formation with different nucleithat emit characteristic gamma rays through inelastic neutronscattering, fast neutron reactions, and neutron capture. Differentinteractions in time are separately observable by neutron pulsing. Forexample, inelastic neutron scattering and fast neutron interactionsoccur soon after a neutron pulse, while the capture events occur later.The scattering and fast neutron interactions can therefore be separatedto give an inelastic spectrum and a capture spectrum. The inelasticspectrum and capture spectrum are analyzed by counting gamma rays inwindows placed at the main peaks for certain elements, comparing theinelastic and capture spectrums with spectral standards, and/or bycombining the inelastic and capture spectrums using an alpha processingcombining technique and then creating a resultant log, which may be, forexample, a pulsed neutron spectroscopy log.

Referring now to FIG. 4, an illustrative embodiment of a neutrongenerator 400 is shown that includes a housing that in turn includeshead unit 412 and vacuum chamber 411. The vacuum chamber 411 includes aplanar field ionization array 404 and a planar grid electrode 405 that,as described in more detail with regard to FIGS. 5 and 6A-6C, areassembled to form a planar ion source 415. The planar field ionizationarray 404 may include a substantially planar array of nano-tipsseparated by insulators on a substrate, as described in more detailbelow. The planar grid electrode 405 may be a substantially planar gridadjacent the planar field ionization array 404. The planar ion source415 is a rigid planar structure that is positioned perpendicular to acentral axis 455 of the neutron generator 400. The central axis 455 mayalso be called an axis of symmetry of the neutron generator 400. Theplanar ion source 415 is positioned at an end of the vacuum chamber 411adjacent to the head unit 412. A target 410 and a target rod 409 arepositioned at an opposite end of the vacuum chamber 411 from the headunit 412. The target 410 may be a titanium target and the target rod 409may be a copper target rod coupled to a voltage source, which may be anultra-high voltage source. The vacuum chamber 411 may be a generallycylindrical chamber, and the body of the neutron generator 400 may bemade using suitable materials. Examples of suitable materials include anickel-cobalt ferrous alloy such as, for example, Kovar and/orborosilicate glass. Here, borosilicate glass is a type of glass withsilica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents, anexample of which is Corning 7052 glass.

An ionization electrode 401 is positioned in the head unit 412 and a gascontrol electrode 402 may also be located, as shown, in the head unit412. According to an embodiment, the ionization electrode 401 and thegas control electrode 402 are placed near and coupled to sources ofelectrical potential. The gas control electrode 402 is connected to agas reservoir 403 disposed in the vacuum chamber 411 as shown in FIG. 4.The gas reservoir 403, which may also be referred to as a “getter”,includes a filament inside of a small titanium sleeve that is coupled tothe gas control electrode 402. The titanium sleeve is prefilled withdeuterium and tritium gas during the manufacturing process. The gasreservoir 403 may be placed in close proximity to the planar ion source415 that includes the planar field ionization array 404 and the planargrid electrode 405 within the vacuum chamber 411.

The ionization electrode 401 is electrically coupled to the planar gridelectrode 405. The planar grid electrode 405 is disposed on the planarfield ionization array 404 to form a planar ion source 415, and placedwithin the vacuum chamber 411 adjacent to and facing away from the gasreservoir 403. Thus, the planar ion source 415, which includes theplanar grid electrode 405 and planar field ionization array 404, facesinto the vacuum chamber 411 toward the target rod 409 that is disposedalong the central axis 455 of the neutron generator 400. Additionally,the planar ion source 415 is oriented substantially perpendicular to thecentral axis 455 of the neutron generator 400 such that an ion beam 407produced by the planar ion source will be substantially parallel to thecentral axis 455.

According to an embodiment, the target rod 409 is substantiallycylindrical and is located in the vacuum chamber 411 of the neutrongenerator 400 at an opposite end to that of the gas reservoir 403 andplanar ion source 415. The target rod 409 is arranged within the neutrongenerator 400 such that a longitudinal axis of the target rod 409 isaligned along the central axis 455 of the neutron generator 400.Accordingly, the target 410 is positioned to face toward the planar ionsource 415 and to be substantially perpendicular to the central axis455. The planar ion source 415 including the planar field ionizationarray 404 and the planar grid electrode 405 are axially aligned andsubstantially parallel to the target 410.

In some embodiments, the neutron generator 400 also includes a focusingcomponent, which may be a focusing electrode 406 disposed along aperiphery of the planar ion source 415. The focusing component isoperable to adjust the extent to which an ion beam 407 generated by theplanar ion source 415 diverges or converges from parallel (with respectto the central axis 455 of the neutron generator 400). The focusingelectrode 406 is generally kept at ground potential and is formed at asmall angle of approximately twenty-one degrees relative to the surfaceof the planar grid electrode 405 to compensate for dispersion of the ionbeam 407 due to same charge repulsion during transport or other factors.

The target rod 409 may be partially surrounded by a suppressor 408, asshown in FIG. 4. The suppressor 408 can be made from a stainless steelsuch as type 304, 316, or 321, a ceramic material, or from aborosilicate glass made from at least silica and boron trioxide, anexample of which is Corning 7052 glass. The suppressor 408 may also havea suppressor resistor that is connected to the suppressor 408.

In some instances, the area within the vacuum chamber 411 starting fromthe planar grid electrode 405 and extending along the central axis 455to the target 410 can be referred to as a low pressure accelerationregion of the vacuum chamber 411. The low-pressure acceleration regionhas a pressure that is lower than a pressure near the planar ion source415. The pressure difference helps accelerate ions that are beinggenerated away from the planar ion source 415. In addition to thepressure difference, extraction and acceleration may also be helped byan ultra-high voltage applied to the target rod 409. The foregoingcomponents are arranged such that ions extracted by the planar ionsource 415 will be accelerated into a perpendicular ion beam 407 thatruns parallel to the central axis 455.

In an embodiment, the neutron generator 400 uses the planar ion source415 to generate ions from deuterium and tritium gas from the gasreservoir 403 in the vacuum chamber 411 of the neutron generator 400.The direct ionization is accomplished using the planar field ionizationarray 404 that has a circular bundle of nano-emitters, which may also bereferred to as nano-tips, as described in more detail with regard toFIGS. 5-6C. The planar field ionization array 404 may form a grid thatis centered about and perpendicular to the central axis 455 of thecylindrical vacuum chamber 411 of the neutron generator 400.

The planar ion source 415 placed in the neutron generator 400 mayproduce a predominantly monatomic deuterium and tritium ion beam 407.The ions in the ion beam 407 have a preferred transport characteristicin that they travel parallel to the central axis 455 from the ions'point of excitation toward the target 410 providing a planar source ofions. In addition to providing preferable transport characteristics,this arrangement improves the overall ionization efficiency, resultingin an order of magnitude increase in the neutron yield and more thandouble the lifetime of conventional neutron generator tubes.

In an illustrative embodiment of a neutron generator, a planar ionsource is provided that ionizes gas in close proximity to nano-tips tocreate a substantially planar plasma surface. This further results inthe generation of a perpendicular ion beam emanating therefrom, as shownin FIG. 4. By providing a rigid planar structure that acts as the ionsource, many complexities and difficulties are mitigated or avoidedentirely. Specifically, such a planar plasma surface provides for an ionbeam having almost no convergence and minimal divergence, thereby moreuniformly covering the entire surface of a target than conventional ionsources.

FIGS. 5 and 6A-6C illustrate a variety of configurations of a planar ionsource that may be included within a neutron generator. According to theembodiment of FIG. 5, a planar ion source 515 includes a substrate 506,one or more field ionization grid electrodes 502, which may also becalled grid electrodes 502, and a corresponding one or more fieldionization insulators, which may be referred to as insulators 503. Theinsulators 503 are positioned between the substrate 506 and each of theone or more grid electrodes 502. Additionally, the planar ion source 515also includes one or more nano-tips 501 distributed in between eachinsulator 503 and grid electrode 502 pair. Gridded in two directions, toform a substantially planar grid, the grid electrodes 502 form a portionof a field ionization array grid, for example the planar grid electrode405 of FIG. 4. Further, the planar ion source 515 of FIG. 5 includes thesubstrate 506, nano-tips 501, and the insulators 503 which togethercorrespond to the planar field ionization array 404 of FIG. 4. Thenano-tips 501 may be directly connected to the substrate 506 and mayextend away from a surface of the substrate 506.

Other examples of field ionization arrays with different fieldionization (FI) nano-tip arrangements are depicted in FIGS. 6A-6C. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 6A, the planar ion source 615 comprises aplurality of nano-tips 601 that are spaced apart and attached tosubstrate 606. The plurality of nano-tips 601 may be made from tungsten,molybdenum, silicon, chromium, carbon, a nickel-based material, or anyother suitable material or combination thereof, and may be formed bydepositing the selected material on a circular substrate 606 having adiameter that is approximately the same as the diameter of the targetrod 409, as shown in FIG. 4.

The planar ion source 615 is formed in a planar and circular arrangementwith nano-tips 601 directed toward a target 410, as shown in FIG. 4.Additionally, as shown in FIG. 6A, field ionization grid electrodes areinterspaced between the nano-tips 601. The field ionization gridelectrodes may also be referred to as gate electrodes 602. The gateelectrodes 602 are spaced and isolated from the substrate 606 byinsulators 603. An ionizable gas 620 is present in an area in closeproximity of the nano-tips 601. The ionizable gas 620 is, for example, adeuterium and tritium mixture at an adjustable vacuum pressure. Thespacing between nano-tips 601 and gate electrodes 602 is selected suchthat an ionization voltage V1 between gate electrodes 602 and nano-tips601 acts to generate ions from ionizable gas 620.

In another embodiment, planar ion source 615 may be formed in severallengthwise planar strips that are attached between the gas reservoir 403and a target rod 409 in the vacuum chamber 411. The lengthwise planarstrips may be sized and arranged to cover an opening in the gasreservoir 403 leading into the vacuum chamber 411. The lengthwisedimension of the lengthwise planar strips is arranged such that thelengthwise planar strips are perpendicular to an axis of symmetry alongwhich an ion beam 407, as shown in FIG. 4, will propagate. The nano-tips601 that are disposed on the lengthwise planar strip extendperpendicular to the planar surface of the lengthwise planar strippointing toward the target 410 and target rod 409.

FIG. 6B shows a cross-section of an alternative embodiment of a planarion source 615′. In the embodiment of FIG. 6B, a composite nano-tip 633includes a tungsten base 632 attached to substrate 606 and a carbonnano-tip 631 molecularly formed on the end of tungsten base 632. FIG. 6Balso shows a similar arrangement to FIG. 6A where gate electrodes 602are disposed between composite nano-tips 633 and isolated from thesubstrate 606 by insulators 603. FIG. 6C shows another example of aplanar ion source 615″ having nano-tips formed by carbon nano-tubes 641.The carbon nanotubes 641 are attached to substrate 606 in a mannersimilar to the nano-tips described with regard to FIGS. 6A and 6B.

In operation, a neutron generator, such as the neutron generator 400 ofFIG. 4, generates neutrons by applying a low amplitude voltage to thegas control electrode 402 that heats a filament that is part of the gasreservoir 403. The heating of the filament causes the gas reservoir 403to release a calibrated amount of deuterium and tritium (D/T) gascorresponding to the temperature of the gas reservoir 403. This heatingcan be used to control the deuterium and tritium gas pressure in thevacuum chamber 411, which may be viewed as a function of the currentapplied to the gas control electrode 402 or the corresponding gas outputfrom the gas reservoir 403. For example, increasing the current appliedto the gas control electrode 402 and the gas reservoir 403 helpsincrease the rate of release of deuterium and tritium gas, in turnincreasing deuterium and tritium gas pressure.

A voltage pulse of appropriate amplitude is then applied to theionization electrode 401 that is connected to the planar grid electrode405 of the planar ion source 415. In some embodiments the voltage pulsemay be a negative voltage pulse. This creates an electric field on theorder of, for example, 20 v/um between the planar grid electrode 405 andthe planar field ionization array 404 of the planar ion source 415causing ionization of the deuterium and tritium gas and generating anion beam 407. The deuterium and tritium gas that is in close proximityto the planar field ionization array is thereby ionized. The ion beam407 is projected, and may be focused by a focusing component, in adirection that is parallel to the central axis 455 of the neutrongenerator 400. The ion beam 407 may then be accelerated toward thetarget 410 by an ultra-high voltage applied to the target rod 409,causing ions in the ion beam 407 collide with the deuterium and tritiumnuclei in the target 410. This collision produces a deuterium ion ondeuterium target or a deuterium ion on tritium target nuclear fusionreaction that generates high energy neutrons.

In the foregoing embodiments, the planar ion source may be consistentwith any circular planar ion sources such as ion sources 515, 615, 615′,615″ described with regard to FIGS. 5 and 6A-6C. Operationally, asspecifically shown in FIG. 5, the field ionization grid electrode 502receives a voltage pulse 540 that is used to generate an ion beam. Thevoltage pulse 540 may have a negative polarity with respect to thesubstrate 506. Thus, the planar ion source 515 acts as a planar, thinlayer generator of ions. The generated ions can be accelerated towardthe target 410 by applying an electric field of proper polarity andamplitude to the target 410 along with careful control of vacuumconditions and gas pressure.

In some embodiments, the disclosed planar ion source 415 results in theneutron generator 400 producing higher than 50% monatomic ions, a higherneutron yield (approximately 10⁹ n/s), and a longer lifetime(approximately 2×) as compared to some conventional neutron generators.

It is noted that neutron yield of a neutron generator, for example theneutron generator 400 as shown in FIG. 4, can be limited by a number offactors, including ion extraction efficiency and changes in the ion beamcoverage of the target 410. Power dissipation of the target rod 409 andthermal desorption of deuterium and tritium at the titanium layer mayalso affect the neutron yield. By using one of the planar ion sources615, 615′, 615″ a consistent ion beam 407 is created that provides evenand consistent coverage of the entire surface of the target 410 adjacentto the target rod 409 providing for an even, consistent, and maximizeddeuterium and tritium fusion reaction to take place.

In accordance with the foregoing systems and methods, a neutrongenerator, for example the neutron generator 400 as shown in FIG. 4, isdisclosed that is compact and sealed. The neutron generator may providea pulsed source of 14.1 MeV neutrons based on the ₁ ²H+₁ ³H→₂ ⁴He+₀ ¹nnuclear reaction. The neutron generator 400 provides a high intensitysource of fast neutrons for reducing logging statistics by as much as 10times allowing for faster logging speed and reducing the operating rigtime. The neutron generator 400 also reduces the electromechanicalcomplexity of the high yield accelerator neutron source by using aplanar ion source.

It is noted that a neutron generator, for example the neutron generator400 as shown in FIG. 4, implemented using a planar ion source similar tothose described above for directly ionizing the deuterium and tritiumgas offers several benefits as compared to some conventional neutrongenerators. For example, (a) sub-microseconds on/off switching time maybe provided by including a controller operable to switch the neutrongenerator between an on state and an off state at a switching time ofless than 1 micro second, (b) high (>50%) monatomic, positive deuteriumand tritium ions beam composition may be provided, (c) high (˜5×10⁸n/s)neutron yield may be achieved, and (d) high (˜2×) neutron generatorlifetime may be provided. A neutron generator 400 as described above andshown can have a neutron yield of more than 10⁹ neutrons per second(n/s) from the deuterium ion on tritium target 409 fusion reaction.Additionally, by using a planar ion source 615, 615′, 615″ to directlyionize the deuterium and tritium gas, the composition of the ion beam507 may be at least 50% monatomic ions. The large percentage ofmonatomic deuterium and tritium ions increases the output n-yield of theneutron generator by a similar amount. In addition, by using one of thecircular planar ion sources 615, 615′, 615″ as a planar source ofdeuterium and tritium ions, the divergence/convergence of the ion beam407 is rendered negligible.

In accordance with the foregoing embodiments, an illustrative method ofmanufacturing a neutron generator includes providing a housing thatincludes a head unit and a vacuum chamber. The method further includesdisposing a gas reservoir and a target rod within the vacuum chamber.The target rod has a longitudinal axis aligned with a central axis ofthe vacuum chamber, and a target is positioned on a surface of thetarget rod that faces the gas reservoir. The method further includespositioning a planar ion source adjacent to the gas reservoir andbetween the target and the gas reservoir. The planar ion includes aplanar field ionization array that is offset from the target andperpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the target rod, and a planargrid electrode is disposed on the planar field ionization array facingthe target.

In some embodiments, a gas control electrode is coupled to a heatfilament disposed within the gas reservoir to generate deuterium gas andtritium gas by controlling temperature. In addition, an ionizationelectrode is electrically coupled to the planar grid electrode operableto generate an electric field resulting from the application of anegative voltage being applied to the planar grid electrode. The methodmay further include positioning a focusing component adjacent the planargrid electrode. The focusing component may be a focusing electrodecoupled to the planar ion source, a focusing electrode coupled to anindependent variable power source, a focusing reflective surface, or amagnetic field generator. The planar ion source may include a planararray of field ionization nano-tips, and may further include a planargrid electrode that is operable to generate an electric field at thearray of field ionization nano-tips. The nano-tips may be formed bycarbon nanofibers, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, or a combinationthereof.

An illustrative method of operating the above-described neutrongenerator includes ionizing a gas within the vacuum chamber near theplanar ion source. The method also includes energizing a planar ionsource that ionizes gas in close proximity to a planar array ofnano-tips, resulting in the generation of an ion beam. Generating ionsto form the ion beam may include applying a voltage pulse to the planarion source to create an electric field on the order of 20 v/um causingionization of ionizable gas at a gas reservoir. The method may furtherinclude applying a voltage differential across the vacuum chamber toaccelerate ions toward a target and target rod, thereby generatingneutrons from the target.

According to another embodiment, a method may include steps for usingthe neutron generator for logging information about a formation. Themethod may include deploying a logging tool having a neutron generatorinto a borehole. The method may also include energizing, within theneutron generator, a planar ion source comprising nano-tips located on aplanar surface extending perpendicular to and about a central axisbetween a getter and a target rod of the neutron generator. Further, themethod may include ionizing an ionizable gas proximate the nano-tipscreating ions and accelerating the ions to bombard a target located atone end of the target rod located along the central axis of thecylindrical housing thereby generating neutrons. The method may alsoinclude transmitting the neutrons from the neutron generator into theformation surrounding the borehole and receiving signal measurementsrelated to the transmitted neutrons at a sensor in the logging tool.

In another embodiment, a downhole neutron generator includes a housing,a gas reservoir disposed within the housing, a target rod disposedwithin the housing and having a longitudinal axis aligned with a centralaxis of the housing, a target disposed on a surface of the target rodfacing the gas reservoir, and a planar ion source adjacent to the gasreservoir and disposed between the target and the gas reservoir. Theplanar ion source includes a planar array of field ionization nano-tips.The array of field ionization nano-tips includes composite nano-tipsthat include a tungsten base attached to substrate and a carbon nano-tipmolecularly formed on the end of tungsten base.

In another embodiment, a downhole neutron generator includes a housing,a gas reservoir disposed within the housing, a target rod disposedwithin the housing and having a longitudinal axis aligned with a centralaxis of the housing, a target disposed on a surface of the target rodfacing the gas reservoir, and a planar ion source adjacent to the gasreservoir and disposed between the target and the gas reservoir. Theplanar ion source includes a planar array of field ionization nano-tips.The array of field ionization nano-tips includes nano-tips formed bycarbon nano-tubes.

It should be apparent from the foregoing that embodiments of aninvention having significant advantages have been provided. While theembodiments are shown in only a few forms, the embodiments are notlimited but are susceptible to various changes and modifications withoutdeparting from the spirit thereof.

The disclosure may also be understood to include at least the followingclauses:

Clause 1: A downhole neutron generator comprising a housing; a gasreservoir disposed within the housing; a target rod disposed within thehousing and having a longitudinal axis aligned with a central axis ofthe housing, a target disposed on a surface of the target rod facing thegas reservoir; and a planar ion source adjacent to the gas reservoir anddisposed between the target and the gas reservoir.

Clause 2: The neutron generator of clause 1, wherein the planar ionsource comprises: a planar field ionization array that is offset fromthe target and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the target rod;and a planar grid electrode disposed on the planar field ionizationarray and facing the target.

Clause 3: The neutron generator of clause 2, further comprising: a gascontrol electrode coupled to a heat filament disposed within the gasreservoir to generate deuterium gas and tritium gas by controllingtemperature.

Clause 4: The neutron generator of any of clauses 1-3, furthercomprising: an ionization electrode electrically coupled to the planargrid electrode; and an electric field resulting from a negative voltagebeing applied to the planar grid electrode.

Clause 5: The neutron generator of any of clauses 1-4, furthercomprising a focusing component, wherein the focusing component isselected from the group consisting of a focusing electrode coupled tothe planar ion source, a focusing electrode coupled to an independentvariable power source, a focusing reflective surface, and a magneticfield generator.

Clause 6: The neutron generator of any of clauses 1-5, wherein theplanar ion source comprises a planar array of field ionizationnano-tips.

Clause 7: The neutron generator of clause 6, wherein the planar ionsource further comprises a planar grid electrode operable to generate anelectric field at the array of field ionization nano-tips.

Clause 8: The neutron generator of clause 6, wherein the nano-tipscomprise at least one of carbon nanofibers, tungsten, molybdenum,chromium, and a combination thereof.

Clause 9: The neutron generator of any of clauses 1-8, wherein thetarget and at least a portion of the target rod are encapsulated by asuppressor.

Clause 10: The neutron generator of any of clauses 1-9, wherein theplanar ion source is operable to produce an ion beam with at least 50%monatomic deuterium and tritium ions.

Clause 11: The neutron generator of any of clauses 1-10, furthercomprising a controller operable to switch the neutron generator betweenan on state and an off state at a switching time of less than 1 microsecond.

Clause 12: A method of manufacturing a neutron generator, the methodcomprising: providing a housing that includes a vacuum chamber and ahead unit; providing a target rod along a central axis of the neutrongenerator inside the vacuum chamber of the neutron generator at a firstend; providing a gas reservoir along the central axis inside the vacuumchamber at a second end opposite the first end; and providing a planarion source between the gas reservoir and target rod about the centralaxis.

Clause 13: The method of clause 12, wherein, the planar ion sourcecomprises field ionization nano-tips on a planar surface of the planarion source, the planar surface being perpendicular to the central axissuch that the nano-tips extend parallel to the central axis toward thetarget rod.

Clause 14: The method of any of clauses 12-13 further comprising:concentrically positioning the target rod along the central axis; andconcentrically positioning the planar ion source about the central axisfacing the target rod.

Clause 15: A method of operating a neutron generator for logginginformation, the method comprising: deploying a logging tool having aneutron generator into a borehole; energizing, within the neutrongenerator, a planar ion source comprising nano-tips located on a planarsurface extending perpendicular to and about a central axis of theneutron generator between a gas reservoir and, and a target rod withinthe neutron generator; ionizing an ionizable gas proximate the nano-tipscreating ions; and accelerating the ions to bombard a target adjacent tothe target rod located along the central axis thereby generatingneutrons.

Clause 16: The method of clause 15, further comprising: transmitting theneutrons from the neutron generator into the formation surrounding theborehole; and receiving signal measurements related to the transmittedneutrons at a sensor in the logging tool.

Clause 17: The method of any of clauses 15-16, wherein ionizing theionizable gas comprises: pulsing a negative voltage to the planar ionsource to create an electric field on the order of 20 v/um, the electricfield causing ionization of the ionizable gas.

Clause 18: The method of any of clauses 15-17 further comprising:concentrically positioning the target rod along the central axis; andconcentrically positioning the planar ion source about the central axis.

Clause 19: The method of any of clauses 15-18 wherein the ionizable gascomprises at least one of a deuterium gas, a tritium gas, and acombination thereof.

We claim:
 1. A downhole neutron generator comprising: a housing; a gasreservoir disposed within the housing; a target rod disposed within thehousing and having a longitudinal axis aligned with a central axis ofthe housing, a target disposed on a surface of the target rod facing thegas reservoir; a planar ion source adjacent to the gas reservoir anddisposed between the target and the gas reservoir; and a focusingcomponent selected from the group consisting of a focusing electrodecoupled to an independent variable power source, a focusing reflectivesurface, a magnetic field generator, and any combination thereof.
 2. Theneutron generator of claim 1, wherein the planar ion source comprises: aplanar field ionization array that is offset from the target andperpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the target rod; and a planargrid electrode disposed on the planar field ionization array and facingthe target.
 3. The neutron generator of claim 2, wherein the focusingcomponent is adjacent to the planar grid electrode.
 4. The neutrongenerator of claim 2, further comprising: a gas control electrodecoupled to a heat filament disposed within the gas reservoir to generatedeuterium gas and tritium gas by controlling temperature.
 5. The neutrongenerator of claim 2, further comprising: an ionization electrodeelectrically coupled to the planar grid electrode; and an electric fieldresulting from a negative voltage being applied to the planar gridelectrode.
 6. The neutron generator of claim 1, wherein the planar ionsource comprises a planar array of field ionization nano-tips.
 7. Theneutron generator of claim 6, wherein the planar ion source furthercomprises a planar grid electrode operable to generate an electric fieldat the array of field ionization nano-tips.
 8. The neutron generator ofclaim 6, wherein the nano-tips comprise at least one of carbonnanofibers, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, and a combination thereof.9. The neutron generator of claim 1, wherein the target and at least aportion of the target rod are encapsulated by a suppressor.
 10. Theneutron generator of claim 1, wherein the planar ion source is operableto produce an ion beam with at least 50% monatomic deuterium and tritiumions.
 11. The neutron generator of claim 1, further comprising acontroller operable to switch the neutron generator between an on stateand an off state at a switching time of less than 1 micro second.
 12. Amethod of manufacturing a neutron generator, the method comprising:providing a housing that includes a vacuum chamber and a head unit;providing a target rod along a central axis of the neutron generatorinside the vacuum chamber of the neutron generator at a first end;providing a gas reservoir along the central axis inside the vacuumchamber at a second end opposite the first end; providing a planar ionsource between the gas reservoir and target rod about the central axis;and providing a focusing component selected from the group consisting ofa focusing electrode coupled to an independent variable power source, afocusing reflective surface, a magnetic field generator, and anycombination thereof.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the planar ionsource further comprises: a planar field ionization array that isperpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the target rod; and a planargrid electrode disposed on the planar field ionization array; whereinthe planar grid electrode is disposed adjacent to the focusingcomponent.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein, the planar ion sourcecomprises field ionization nano-tips on a planar surface of the planarion source, the planar surface being perpendicular to the central axissuch that the nano-tips extend parallel to the central axis toward thetarget rod.
 15. The method of claim 12 further comprising:concentrically positioning the target rod along the central axis; andconcentrically positioning the planar ion source about the central axisfacing the target rod.
 16. A method of operating a neutron generator forlogging information, the method comprising: deploying a logging toolhaving a neutron generator into a borehole; wherein the neutrongenerator comprises: a housing; a gas reservoir disposed within thehousing; a target rod disposed within the housing and having alongitudinal axis aligned with a central axis of the housing, a targetdisposed on a surface of the target rod facing the gas reservoir; aplanar ion source adjacent to the gas reservoir and disposed between thetarget and the gas reservoir and comprising a planar array of fieldionization nano-tips extending perpendicular to and about a central axisof the neutron generator between the gas reservoir and the target rodwithin the neutron generator; and a focusing component selected from thegroup consisting of a focusing electrode coupled to an independentvariable power source, a focusing reflective surface, a magnetic fieldgenerator, and any combination thereof; energizing within the neutrongenerator, the planar ion source; ionizing an ionizable gas proximatethe nano-tips creating ions; focusing the ions with the focusingcomponent in a direction that is parallel to the central axis of theneutron generator; and accelerating the ions to bombard the target. 17.The method of claim 16, further comprising: transmitting the neutronsfrom the neutron generator into the formation surrounding the borehole;and receiving signal measurements related to the transmitted neutrons ata sensor in the logging tool.
 18. The method of claim 16, whereinionizing the ionizable gas comprises: pulsing a negative voltage to theplanar ion source to create an electric field on the order of 20 v/um,the electric field causing ionization of the ionizable gas.
 19. Themethod of claim 16 further comprising: concentrically positioning thetarget rod along the central axis; and concentrically positioning theplanar ion source about the central axis.
 20. The method of claim 16wherein the ionizable gas comprises at least one of a deuterium gas, atritium gas, and a combination thereof.